Cities - Western Empire | |
|---|---|
| Carthage: | Foremost city of the Phoenicians in the West. Greatest enemy of Rome (Tunis). |
| Massilia: | Important trading city in Gaul, near the mouth of the Rhone River (Marsailles). |
| Utica: | Strongly fortified African city used by Republicans as a base to oppose Caesar. |
| Barcino: | Trading city in Spain, near Ebro river, founded by Hamilcar Barca (Barcelona). |
| Lundinum: | Major Roman city in Britain (London). |
Provinces - Western Empire | |
| Hispania: | (Spain) Included provinces of Baetica (farther Spain), and Tarraconensis. |
| Gallia: | (France) Included provinces of upper and lower Gaul, Aquitaine, Belgica, and Narbonne. |
| Britannia: | Included upper and lower British provinces. |
| Mauritania: | (Morrocco, Algeria) Province populated by Numidian allies of Rome. |
| Africa: | (Tunisia, Libya) Province includes territory formerly controlled by Carthage. |
Rivers and Mountains - Western Empire | |
| Rhodanos: | River in the south of Gaul, Hannibal crossed on rafts (Rhone). |
| Rhenus: | River that denoted the eastern boundary of the Gallic Province (Rhine). |
| Iberus: | River flowing through the north of Hispania (Ebro). |
| Alps: | Mountains that formed northern border of Italy. |
| Pyrenees: | Mountain range between Gaul and Hispania. |
| Pillars of Hercules: | Strait of Gibraltar. |
Battle Sites - Western Empire | |
| Carthaga Nova: | Battle at which Scipio Africanus conquered Carthage dominions in Hispania. |
| Zama: | Final battle of the Second Punic War, fought outside Carthage (202 B.C). |
| Alesia: | Caesar besieges rebel stronghold under Vercingetorix in Eastern Gaul (52 B.C.). |
| Thapsus: | Caesar defeated Republic army under Cato in North Africa (46 B.C.). |
| Munda: | Caesar’s final battle against a Republican stronghold in Hispania (45 B.C.). |
| Teutoburg Forest: | German hero Hermann annihilates Rome in the forests of Germany (9 A.D). |
| Milvian Bridge: | Constantine defeats Maxentius near Rome, gains control of the Empire (312 A.D.). |
| Chalons: | Romans and Visigoths fend off Attila the Hun in central Gaul (451 A.D.). |
Cities - Eastern Empire | |
|---|---|
| Constantinople: | Founded by Constantine in 330, it became capital of the Eastern Empire. (Istanbul) |
| Athens: | Athens remained a center for Greek culture and learning during the Greco-Roman era. |
| Corinth: | A major commercial center of the East; was destroyed by the Romans in 146 B.C. |
| Ephesus: | Major Greek and Roman city in Asia Minor. Famous for Temple of Artemis. |
| Alexandria: | Capital of Egypt at the Mouth of the Nile. Founded by Alexander the Great. |
| Nicaea: | Major city on the Sea of Marmara. Famous as site of the Nicene Creed. |
Provinces and Islands - Eastern Empire | |
| Macedonia: | Province encompassing all of Northern Greece. |
| Achaea: | Province encompassing all of Southern Greece. |
| Thracia: | (Bulgaria) Province north of the Sea of Marmara, containing Constantinople. |
| Dacia: | (Romania) Conquered by Trajan, and held by the Romans for 100 years. |
| Bithynia: | (Turkey) Wealthy Roman province directly adjacent to Constantinople. |
| Pontus: | (Turkey) Province located south of the Black Sea. Realm of Mithradates. |
| Syria: | Eastern Provinces containing cities of Tyre, Sidon, Damascus, Palmyra. |
| Palestine: | (Israel) Roman name for Judea, renamed after Jewish Wars and Rebellions. |
| Egypt: | Province controlled by descendants of Ptolemy until the age of Cleopatra. |
| Cyprus: | Important Island off the coast of Syria. Site of a Jewish Rebellion in 115 A.D. |
| Rhodes: | Center of Greek/Roman learning. Became part of the Roman Empire in 164 B.C. |
Mountains and Water Bodies - Eastern Empire | |
| Danuvius: | (Danube) River that formed northern border of empire until Trajan conquered Dacia. |
| Nile: | Major River of Egypt. |
| Propontis: | Sea of Marmara. |
| Pontus Euxinus: | Black Sea. |
Battle Sites - Eastern Empire | |
| Pydna: | Aemilius Paulus defeats Antigonid king Persia in Macedonia (168 B.C.). |
| Pharsalus: | Julius Caesar defeated Republicans under Pompey, in central Greece (49 B.C.). |
| Philippi: | Octavio and Antony defeat Cassius and Brutus in Thrace. (42 B.C.). |
| Actium: | Antony retreats from a Naval battle with Octavio off west coast of Achaea (31 B.C.). |
| Carrhae: | Roman legion under Crassus in annihilated by Parthia in Syria (53 B.C.). |
| Jerusalem: | Vespasian and Titus put down rebellion, destroy Jerusalem (71 A.D.). |
| Palmyra: | Aurelian puts down the rebellion of Queen Zenobia Palmyra (272 A.D.). |
| Hadrianople: | Goths invade Thrace, battle is a disaster for Rome, Emperor Valens killed (378 A.D.). |
