Cities - Central Italy |
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| Rome: | Latin colony, grew to dominate Mediterranean region. |
| Alba Longa: | First city in Latium, eventually overshadowed by Rome. |
| Veii: | Etruscan city across the Tiber from Rome, conquered by Camillus. |
| Clusium: | Etruscan city ruled by Lars Porsena, an ally of the Tarquinni. |
| Ostia: | Port city at mouth of the Tiber, controlled by Rome. |
| Tusculum: | Latin city, ally of Rome, defended by Cincinnatus against Aequii. |
Regions - Central Italy |
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| Latium: | Coastal region south of the Tiber, north the Volturnus, home of Latins. |
| Etruria: | (Tuscany) Coastal region north of Rome, home of the Etruscans. |
| Umbria: | Mountain region north of Rome. |
| Campania: | Coastal region south of Latium, home to Oscii, Samnites, and Greeks. |
| Cisalpine Gaul: | (Lombardy) N. Italy, Po river valley, over-run by Gauls in 500 B.C. |
Rivers and Water Bodies - Central Italy |
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| Tiber: | Major river through central Italy in which Rome was situatated |
| Anio: | Tributary to the Tiber, northeast of Rome, source of Roman aqueducts. |
| Allia: | Tributary to the Tiber in Sabini mountains. Site of battle against Gauls. |
| Lake Regulus: | Lake north of Alba Longa, site of battle against Tarquinii. |
Cities - Italian Peninsula |
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| Capua: | Major Samnite city on the Volternus river. Conquered by Hannibal. |
| Ravenna: | Roman town on the Adriatic sea, north of the Rubicon. |
| Pompeii: | City at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius. Destroyed by an eruption in 70 A.D. |
| Cumae: | Greek city in Italy, seat of the Sibyls, of Sibylline book fame. |
| Tarentum: | Greek city that called in Pyrrhus to defend itself from Rome. |
| Syracuse: | Foremost city of Sicily, location of frequent battles. |
Regions - Italian Peninsula |
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| Campania: | Coastal region south of Latium, home to Oscii, Samnites, and Greeks. |
| Cisalpine Gaul: | (Lombardy) North Italy, Po valley, over-run by Gauls in 500 B.C. |
| Magnae Gracia: | (Apulia) South Italy, settled by Greeks. Includes Sicily. |
| Sicily: | Island off the coast of Italy, settled by Greeks and Carthage. |
Rivers and Mountains - Italian Peninsula |
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| Po: | Tributary to the Tiber in Sabini mountains. Site of battle against Gauls. |
| Volturno: | Major river through Campania, fifty miles south of Rome. |
| Arno: | West flowing river north of Etruria marking border of Roman territory. |
| Rubicon: | East flowing river north of Umbria marking border of Roman territory. |
| Apennines: | Mountain range running from north to south through all of Italy. |
| Vesuvius: | Active Volcano, south of Rome. Buried Pompeii in 79 A.D. |
Battle Sites - Italian Peninsula |
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| Heraclea: | Greek under Pyrrhus defeat Romans in S. Italy, at great cost (280 B.C.) |
| Lake Trasemene: | Devastating loss for Rome to Hannibal in Umbria (218 B.C) |
| Cannae: | Worst defeat in Roman history to Hannibal in S. Italy (216 B.C) |
| Metaurus River: | Romans defeat Hasdrubal in N. Italy, turn tide of war (207 B.C.) |
| Vercellae: | Marius leads Rome against Teutones in Cimbrian War (101 B.C) |
Cities - Western Empire |
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| Carthage: | Foremost city of the Phoenicians in the West. Greatest enemy of Rome (Tunis). |
| Massilia: | Important trading city in Gaul, near the mouth of the Rhone River (Marsailles). |
| Utica: | Strongly fortified African city used by Republicans as a base to oppose Caesar. |
| Barcino: | Trading city in Spain, near Ebro river, founded by Hamilcar Barca (Barcelona). |
| Lundinum: | Major Roman city in Britain (London). |
Provinces - Western Empire |
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| Hispania: | (Spain) Included provinces of Baetica (farther Spain), and Tarraconensis. |
| Gallia: | (France) Included provinces of upper and lower Gaul, Aquitaine, Belgica, and Narbonne. |
| Britannia: | Included upper and lower British provinces. |
| Mauritania: | (Morrocco, Algeria) Province populated by Numidian allies of Rome. |
| Africa: | (Tunisia, Libya) Province includes territory formerly controlled by Carthage. |
Rivers and Mountains - Western Empire |
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| Rhodanos: | River in the south of Gaul, Hannibal crossed on rafts (Rhone). |
| Rhenus: | River that denoted the eastern boundary of the Gallic Province (Rhine). |
| Iberus: | River flowing through the north of Hispania (Ebro). |
| Alps: | Mountains that formed northern border of Italy. |
| Pyrenees: | Mountain range between Gaul and Hispania. |
| Pillars of Hercules: | Strait of Gibraltar. |
Battle Sites - Western Empire |
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| Carthaga Nova: | Battle at which Scipio Africanus conquered Carthage dominions in Hispania. |
| Zama: | Final battle of the Second Punic War, fought outside Carthage (202 B.C). |
| Alesia: | Caesar besieges rebel stronghold under Vercingetorix in Eastern Gaul (52 B.C.). |
| Thapsus: | Caesar defeated Republic army under Cato in North Africa (46 B.C.). |
| Munda: | Caesar’s final battle against a Republican stronghold in Hispania (45 B.C.). |
| Teutoburg Forest: | German hero Hermann annihilates Rome in the forests of Germany (9 A.D). |
| Milvian Bridge: | Constantine defeats Maxentius near Rome, gains control of the Empire (312 A.D.). |
| Chalons: | Romans and Visigoths fend off Attila the Hun in central Gaul (451 A.D.). |
Cities - Eastern Empire |
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| Constantinople: | Founded by Constantine in 330, it became capital of the Eastern Empire. (Istanbul) |
| Athens: | Athens remained a center for Greek culture and learning during the Greco-Roman era. |
| Corinth: | A major commercial center of the East; was destroyed by the Romans in 146 B.C. |
| Ephesus: | Major Greek and Roman city in Asia Minor. Famous for Temple of Artemis. |
| Alexandria: | Capital of Egypt at the Mouth of the Nile. Founded by Alexander the Great. |
| Nicaea: | Major city on the Sea of Marmara. Famous as site of the Nicene Creed. |
Provinces and Islands - Eastern Empire |
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| Macedonia: | Province encompassing all of Northern Greece. |
| Achaea: | Province encompassing all of Southern Greece. |
| Thracia: | (Bulgaria) Province north of the Sea of Marmara, containing Constantinople. |
| Dacia: | (Romania) Conquered by Trajan, and held by the Romans for 100 years. |
| Bithynia: | (Turkey) Wealthy Roman province directly adjacent to Constantinople. |
| Pontus: | (Turkey) Province located south of the Black Sea. Realm of Mithradates. |
| Syria: | Eastern Provinces containing cities of Tyre, Sidon, Damascus, Palmyra. |
| Palestine: | (Israel) Roman name for Judea, renamed after Jewish Wars and Rebellions. |
| Egypt: | Province controlled by descendants of Ptolemy until the age of Cleopatra. |
| Cyprus: | Important Island off the coast of Syria. Site of a Jewish Rebellion in 115 A.D. |
| Rhodes: | Center of Greek/Roman learning. Became part of the Roman Empire in 164 B.C. |
Mountains and Water Bodies - Eastern Empire |
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| Danuvius: | (Danube) River that formed northern border of empire until Trajan conquered Dacia. |
| Nile: | Major River of Egypt. |
| Propontis: | Sea of Marmara. |
| Pontus Euxinus: | Black Sea. |
Battle Sites - Eastern Empire |
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| Pydna: | Aemilius Paulus defeats Antigonid king Persia in Macedonia (168 B.C.). |
| Pharsalus: | Julius Caesar defeated Republicans under Pompey, in central Greece (49 B.C.). |
| Philippi: | Octavio and Antony defeat Cassius and Brutus in Thrace. (42 B.C.). |
| Actium: | Antony retreats from a Naval battle with Octavio off west coast of Achaea (31 B.C.). |
| Carrhae: | Roman legion under Crassus in annihilated by Parthia in Syria (53 B.C.). |
| Jerusalem: | Vespasian and Titus put down rebellion, destroy Jerusalem (71 A.D.). |
| Palmyra: | Aurelian puts down the rebellion of Queen Zenobia Palmyra (272 A.D.). |
| Hadrianople: | Goths invade Thrace, battle is a disaster for Rome, Emperor Valens killed (378 A.D.). |
